Read commands from the file filename, rather than standard input. This is equivalent to setting the variable ECHO_HIDDEN to on. You can use this to study psql's internal operations. EĮcho the actual queries generated by \d and other backslash commands. This is equivalent to setting the variable ECHO to queries. eĬopy all SQL commands sent to the server to standard output as well. If so, connection string parameters will override any conflicting command line options. This is equivalent to specifying dbname as the first non-option argument on the command line. Specifies the name of the database to connect to. Switches to CSV (Comma-Separated Values) output mode. It's better to use repeated -c commands or feed multiple commands to psql's standard input, either using echo as illustrated above, or via a shell here-document, for example: This is different from the behavior when the same string is read from a file or fed to psql's standard input, because then psql sends each SQL command separately.īecause of this behavior, putting more than one SQL command in a single -c string often has unexpected results. (See Section 53.2.2.1 for more details about how the server handles multi-query strings.) Also, psql only prints the result of the last SQL command in the string. Because of this, the server executes it as a single transaction even if the string contains multiple SQL commands, unless there are explicit BEGIN/ COMMIT commands included in the string to divide it into multiple transactions. To achieve that, you could use repeated -c options or pipe the string into psql, for example:Įach SQL command string passed to -c is sent to the server as a single request. Thus you cannot mix SQL and psql meta-commands within a -c option. When either -c or -f is specified, psql does not read commands from standard input instead it terminates after processing all the -c and -f options in sequence.Ĭommand must be either a command string that is completely parsable by the server (i.e., it contains no psql-specific features), or a single backslash command. This option can be repeated and combined in any order with the -f option. Specifies that psql is to execute the given command string, command.
This is equivalent to setting the variable ECHO to errors. Print failed SQL commands to standard error output. (The default output mode is aligned.) This is equivalent to \pset format unaligned. (This does not apply to lines read interactively.) This is equivalent to setting the variable ECHO to all. Print all nonempty input lines to standard output as they are read.
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